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How to grow cavolo nero (Tuscan kale)
Cavolo nero is a hardy, dark, crinkly kale that stands through British winters. It is productive and easy, and it needs only a little protection.
About the crop
Cavolo nero, also sold as Tuscan kale, is a kale with long, dark, crinkly leaves. The RHS has an entry for the variety 'Cavolo Nero' and also lists 'Nero di Toscana'. Like all kale, it belongs to the brassica family. This page follows the RHS's general guidance for growing kale.
When to sow
The RHS says to sow indoors from March and outdoors from March to June. Sowing indoors in modules lets plants develop strong roots before transplanting, which the RHS recommends if clubroot is in your soil. Plant out in late spring or early summer, once plants are 10 to 15cm tall, after hardening off indoor-sown plants.
Spacing
Mature plants need 30 to 60cm between them depending on variety. If sowing straight into the final position, leave rows at least 45cm apart, with large varieties 60cm apart and compact varieties 30cm. In a seedbed, sow 10 to 15cm apart before transplanting.
Protection
Pigeons tear the leaves and caterpillars feed on brassicas. The RHS advice is to cover plants with fine-mesh insect-proof netting supported on hoops or canes. Check under leaves for eggs and caterpillars and remove them by hand.
Clubroot and rotation
Rotate kale with other cabbage-family crops to reduce soil-borne problems. If clubroot is in your soil, sow in modules, or grow kale in containers instead.
Harvesting
Kale is ready from September onwards and keeps cropping through winter and spring. Pick two or three lower leaves per plant at a time, so the plant keeps growing. Choose smaller leaves for salads and larger ones for cooking.
Growing in a pot
Use a large pot at least 30cm wide and deep, with one plant per pot, filled with peat-free multi-purpose compost. The RHS suggests a compact variety such as 'Dwarf Green Curled'. Cavolo nero grows taller, so expect to stake it. Place it in a sunny spot and water regularly, especially in summer.
In the kitchen
Strip the leaves from the tough central rib, then sauté, stew or add to soup. Recipes are in cooking ideas. Timings are in the sowing calendar, and pot advice is in the container guide.
A simple routine
- March to June: sow in modules or a seedbed.
- Late spring to early summer: plant out and net straight away.
- Summer: water in dry spells and check for caterpillars weekly.
- From September: pick lower leaves as needed.
Common questions
Why are my leaves holey? Caterpillars or slugs. Net the plants and check underneath the leaves. Why are the lower leaves turning yellow? Older leaves naturally yellow with age. Remove them, and check for waterlogging or poor feeding if many are affected. Can I eat the baby leaves? Yes, young leaves are tender enough for salads, according to the RHS note that smaller leaves suit salads.
Keeping plants tidy
Remove yellowing leaves, which can harbour slugs and fungal problems. Firm the soil if plants rock in the wind. Check supports and netting after storms.
Storing and using
Pick leaves close to cooking time. Wrap unwashed leaves in a damp cloth in the fridge for a few days. Remove the central rib before cooking, and wash well to remove any grit or insects.
Frequently asked questions
Is cavolo nero the same as kale?
It is a type of kale, also called Tuscan kale.
How do I stop pigeons eating it?
The RHS advises covering plants with fine-mesh netting supported on hoops or canes.
Can I grow it in a pot?
Yes, in a pot at least 30cm wide and deep, one plant per pot, with regular watering.